Sports ball

ABSTRACT

A sports ball comprises a plurality of interlocking panels covered by an outer layer. Each of the interlocking panels includes a plurality of recesses. The outer layer includes a plurality of distinct surface irregularities, each of the surface irregularities aligned with one of the plurality of recesses.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.15/879,955 entitled “Sports Ball,” filed Jan. 25, 2018, whichapplication is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.15/480,895, entitled “Sports Ball,” filed Apr. 6, 2017 (now U.S. Pat.No. 10,195,492), which application claims priority to U.S. ProvisionalApplication Ser. No. 62/318,914 entitled “Sports Ball Having a FlexibleCover Layer,” filed Apr. 6, 2016, the entire disclosures of which areincorporated by reference herein.

FIELD

This document relates to the field of athletics, and particularly tosports balls used for athletic events including athletic training andball games.

BACKGROUND

Sports balls are widely used in association with numerous athleticactivities and sporting events, including soccer, basketball, football,volleyball, baseball, and golf, to name a few. The type of ball used ineach of these athletic activities differs, depending on the activity.Some balls, such as golf balls and baseballs, are generally solid fromcover to core. Other balls are filled with air and include an interiorbladder with an outer cover.

When forming a ball, the cover of the ball typically includes featuresthat are unique to the particular type of ball. Even for the same typeof ball, the design of the cover may provide features that distinguishtwo different balls. For example, the cover of a first basketball mayprovide a durable rubber surface that makes the ball appropriate for useoutdoors on concrete surfaces. The cover of a second basketball mayprovide a softer surface with a better grip, but the softer surfacewould tend to wear out quickly on concrete surfaces, so the second ballis designed for indoor use. Accordingly, when designing a ball, themanufacturer must consider both the type of ball to be designed alongwith the desired performance characteristics of the ball that willappeal to a particular user. Examples of performance characteristicsinclude the shape, feel, texture, hardness, durability, resilience, andany number of different performance characteristics for the ball. Insome situations, performance characteristics and other ball designconsiderations are governed by a league or other governing body. Forexample, a governing body may mandate the size, shape, weight, or otherstandards for a ball.

In addition to considering performance characteristics and designstandards when designing a ball, the manufacturer must also considerother factors. For example, a desirable look and visual appeal of theball is important when the ball is on the shelf and following purchase,when the ball is in play by the user. To this end, the manufacturer mustconsider expectations for the visual design and color of the ball.Furthermore, in order to produce the ball in an economic fashion, theuser must consider the costs of labor and materials to produce the ballin an attempt to offer a high quality ball at the desired price point.

In view of the foregoing, it would be desirable to provide a sports ballhaving a unique cover configured to offer unique performancecharacteristics. It would also be desirable to provide a ball having acover that provides a unique look and feel for the user. It would alsobe desirable if such a ball could be manufactured in an economic manner.

SUMMARY

In accordance with one exemplary embodiment of the disclosure, there isprovided a ball comprising a bladder and a multi-layer cover. Themulti-layer cover includes an outer layer and an intermediate layerbetween the outer layer and the bladder. The intermediate layer includesat least one perforated panel comprising a plurality of perforations.The outer layer includes a plurality of dimples, wherein each of theplurality of dimples is aligned with one of the plurality ofperforations.

In at least one exemplary embodiment, a sports ball comprises a bladder,a contouring layer, and an outer layer. The contouring layer surroundsthe bladder and is comprised of at least one panel defining an array ofapertures. The outer layer surrounds the contouring layer. The array ofapertures of the at least one perforated panel is detectable by at leastone human sense via the outer layer.

In at least one additional exemplary embodiment, a sports ball comprisesa plurality of interlocking panels covered by an outer layer. Each ofthe interlocking panels includes a plurality of recesses. The outerlayer includes a plurality of distinct surface irregularities, each ofthe surface irregularities aligned with one of the plurality ofrecesses.

In at least one embodiment, each of the interlocking panels is anauxetic structure. The auxetic structure defines a repeating pattern ofreentrant shapes, each of the reentrant shapes is defined by one of theapertures. In at least one embodiment, one of the interlocking panels ispositioned in a pole region and interlocks with another interlockingpanel in an equator region of the ball.

The above described features and advantages, as well as others, willbecome more readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art byreference to the following detailed description and accompanyingdrawings. While it would be desirable to provide a sports ball thatprovides one or more of these or other advantageous features, theteachings disclosed herein extend to those embodiments which fall withinthe scope of the appended claims, regardless of whether they accomplishone or more of the above-mentioned advantages.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows a perspective view of a ball including a flexible coverlayer;

FIG. 2 shows an equatorial view of the ball of FIG. 1;

FIG. 3 shows a first pole view of the sports ball of FIG. 1;

FIG. 4 shows a second pole of the ball of FIG. 1, the second poleopposite the first pole on the ball;

FIG. 5 shows a cross-sectional view of layers of the ball along line V-Vof FIG. 1, the layers of the ball including a bladder and a multi-layercover;

FIG. 6 shows a plan view of a panel of an intermediate layer of themulti-layer cover of FIG. 5, the panel having a Y-shaped configurationwith a plurality of arms;

FIG. 7 shows a plan view of an arm of the panel of FIG. 6, the armincluding an auxetic structure formed by a plurality of perforations inthe panel;

FIG. 8 shows the panel of FIG. 6 on a sheet prior to cutting the sheetin the Y-shaped configuration for the panel;

FIG. 9 shows a perspective view of a sports ball in accordance with anembodiment of the disclosure;

FIG. 10 shows a schematic of the sports ball of FIG. 9, showing layersin cross section;

FIG. 11 shows a schematic of the panel layout of the sports ball of FIG.9;

FIG. 12 shows a cross-sectional view of one of the panels of FIG. 11;and

FIG. 13 shows a perspective view of a sports ball in accordance with yetanother embodiment of the disclosure.

DESCRIPTION

In the following detailed description, reference is made to theaccompanying figures which form a part hereof wherein like numeralsdesignate like parts throughout, and in which is shown, by way ofillustration, embodiments that may be practiced. It is to be understoodthat other embodiments may be utilized, and structural or logicalchanges may be made without departing from the scope of the presentdisclosure. Therefore, the following detailed description is not to betaken in a limiting sense, and the scope of embodiments is defined bythe appended claims and their equivalents.

Aspects of the disclosure are disclosed in the accompanying description.Alternate embodiments of the present disclosure and their equivalentsmay be devised without parting from the spirit or scope of the presentdisclosure. It should be noted that any discussion herein regarding “oneembodiment”, “an embodiment”, “an exemplary embodiment”, and the likeindicate that the embodiment described may include a particular feature,structure, or characteristic, and that such particular feature,structure, or characteristic may not necessarily be included in everyembodiment. In addition, references to the foregoing do not necessarilycomprise a reference to the same embodiment. Finally, irrespective ofwhether it is explicitly described, one of ordinary skill in the artwould readily appreciate that each of the particular features,structures, or characteristics of the given embodiments may be utilizedin connection or combination with those of any other embodimentdiscussed herein.

Various operations may be described as multiple discrete actions oroperations in turn, in a manner that is most helpful in understandingthe claimed subject matter. However, the order of description should notbe construed as to imply that these operations are necessarily orderdependent. In particular, these operations may not be per-formed in theorder of presentation. Operations described may be performed in adifferent order than the described embodiment. Various additionaloperations may be performed and/or described operations may be omittedin additional embodiments.

For the purposes of the present disclosure, the phrase “A and/or B”means (A), (B), or (A and B). For the purposes of the presentdisclosure, the phrase “A, B, and/or C” means (A), (B), (C), (A and B),(A and C), (B and C), or (A, B and C).

The terms “comprising,” “including,” “having,” and the like, as usedwith respect to embodiments of the present disclosure, are synonymous.

With general reference to FIGS. 1-5, a ball 10 is shown including amulti-layer cover 30. The ball 10 is in the form of a sports ball, andparticularly a soccer ball. Accordingly, the ball 10 may be providedhaving any of various dimensions. For example, when the ball is a soccerball, the ball may have a diameter of about 22 cm. The multi-layer cover30 wraps around and surrounds an interior bladder 20. The multi-layercover 30 includes a substrate layer 40, an outer layer 50, and anintermediate layer 60. The intermediate layer 60 is formed by a firstpanel 70 and an interlocking second panel 80. Each panel 70, 80 of theintermediate layer 60 includes a pattern of perforations in the form ofrecesses 90 that facilitate flexing of the panels 70, 80 around the ball10 when the intermediate layer 60 is secured to the ball 10.

Various views of the ball 10 are shown in FIGS. 1-4. The ball 10 isspherical in shape, and includes various regions including a first poleregion 14, a second pole region 16, and an equatorial region 18. Thefirst pole region 14 and the second pole region 16 are generallycircular regions that cover a portion of the ball 10 on opposing sidesof the ball 10. A first pole exists at the center of the first poleregion 14 and a second pole exists at the center of the second poleregion 16, the second pole region 16 directly opposite the first poleregion 14 on the ball 10. The equatorial region 18 generally circles theentire ball 10 along latitude lines located in a central portion of theball 10 between the first pole region 14 and the second pole region 16.A circular equator that circles the ball 10 is centered within theequatorial region 18. FIG. 2 shows a side view of the ball 10 at theequatorial region 18. The cross-section noted as V-V in FIG. 2 is takenalong a line within the equatorial region, the cross-section beingparallel to latitude lines that define the equatorial region 18. FIG. 3shows a pole view of the ball 10 at the first pole region 14, and FIG. 4shows a pole view of the ball 10 at a the second pole region 16. Whilethe ball 10 has been defined herein as including a first pole region 14,a second pole region 16 and an equatorial region 18 for convenience indescribing the ball 10, it will be recognized that, because the ball 10is spherical in design with no specific orientation, the various regions14, 16 and 18 may be defined as existing elsewhere on the ball 10.

The bladder 20 of the ball is completely covered by the multi-layercover 30 such that the bladder 20 is hidden from view. FIG. 5 shows across-sectional view of the multi-layer cover 30 extending across thebladder 20. The bladder 20 is configured to retain air and is sphericalin shape, when inflated. A valve 22 (see FIG. 4) is connected to thebladder 20 and provides a passage through the multi-layer cover 30 andinto the interior of the bladder 20. The bladder 20 may be comprised ofany of various materials that are non-permeable to air such as latexrubber, butyl or thermoplastic polymer.

With continued reference to FIG. 5, the multi-layer cover 30 includesthe substrate layer 40 (which may also be referred to herein as a“backing layer”), the outer layer 50 (which may also be referred toherein as an “outer shell” or “protective layer”), and the intermediatelayer 60 (which may also be referred to herein as an “intermediatecontouring layer”). The substrate layer 40 is provided by a plurality ofseparate panels that are directly connected to the bladder 20 with theedges of the panels fitting together to completely cover the bladder 20.The panels of the substrate layer 40 may be connected to the bladderusing any of various means such as adhesives or heat fusion. However, inalternative embodiments, the panels of the substrate layer 40 areseparated from the bladder 20, such that the bladder is free-floatingwithin the ball, and thus enabling movement of the bladder 20 relativeto the substrate layer 40. Once charged, the bladder 20 generatesoutward pressure on the cover to provide the ball 10 with its roundshape.

The substrate layer 40 may be formed from any of various materials. Inat least one embodiment, the substrate layer 40 is formed of acompressible material such as foam. By way of example, the foam may beethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) foam. The EVA may be blended with one ormore of an EVA modifier, a polyolefin block copolymer, and a triblockcopolymer, and a polyether block amide. In at least one embodiment, thesubstrate layer 40 is comprised of an open cell or a closed cell foammaterial such as an EVA foam, neoprene foam, polyethylene foam, or anyof various other types of foams. In other embodiments, the substratelayer 40 may be comprised of other types of material, such as fabricsheets of material comprised of cotton, polyester, elastane, orcombinations thereof. In various embodiments, the substrate layer 40 mayhave a thickness between 1 mm and 3 mm, and in at least one embodiment,the substrate layer has a thickness of 2 mm. As noted above, in at leastone embodiment, the inner surface of the substrate layer 40 is notconnected to the bladder 20, enabling movement of the bladder 20relative to the substrate layer 40.

The intermediate layer 60 of the multi-layer cover 30 is sandwichedbetween the outer layer 50 and the substrate layer 40. The intermediatelayer 60 is also formed of compressible material. By way of example,thee compressible material is foam such as ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA)foam having a thickness of approximately 1.0 mm to approximately 3.0 mm(e.g., approximately 2.0 mm). The EVA may be blended with one or more ofan EVA modifier, a polyolefin block copolymer, and a triblock copolymer,and a polyether block amide. In the embodiment of FIGS. 1-8, theintermediate layer 60 is formed by two perforated panels 70 and 80 thatwrap around the substrate layer 40 and cover the substrate layer 40. Aperimeter of the first panel 70 is shown in FIG. 6. The perimeter of thefirst panel 70 is generally Y-shaped and defines three arms 72, 74, 76.The first panel 70 includes a central portion 78 that defines a firstpole region 14 for the ball 10. The central portion 78 is bordered byinterior concave perimeter edges 73 that are concave in shape. The threearms 72, 74, 76 extend outwardly from the central portion 78. Thelongitudinal centerlines 62 of the three arms are separated by an angle,α, of approximately 120°. While the embodiment of FIG. 6 shows theintermediate layer 60 as being provided by two panels having a Y-shapedconfiguration, it will be appreciated that the intermediate layer 60 mayalso be provided using any number of different panel in any of variousconfigurations. For example, in at least one embodiment similar to thatof FIGS. 9-11 described in further detail below, the intermediate layer60 may be provided by two larger t-shaped (or more specifically, plussign shaped) panels positioned at the poles of the ball and a number ofadditional panels positioned along the equator.

The three arms 72, 74, 76 are substantially identical in shape. As shownin FIG. 6, each arm (e.g., arm 72) includes a proximal end 71 and adistal end 79. The proximal end 71 is connected to the central portion78 of the panel 70. The distal end 79 is not connected to any otherportion of the panel 70 and terminates along a convex perimeter edge 77of the first panel 70 at a remote location on the first panel 70. Amiddle zone 75 of the arm 72 is positioned between the proximal end 71and the distal end 79. The middle zone 75 is flared and is also borderedby a convex perimeter. As a result, the arm 72 has a bulbous shape.Stated differently, the middle zone 75 of the arm 72 has a middle width(w_(m)) that is greater than a proximal width (w_(p)) at the proximalend 71 of the arm 72, and greater than a distal width (w_(d)) at thedistal end of the arm 72 (i.e., w_(m)>w_(d)>w_(p)). The bulbous shape ofeach of the three arms 72, 74, 76 results in a clover-like shape for thepanel 70.

The second panel 80 is substantially identical to the first panel 70.Accordingly, the second panel 80 also has a clover-like shape with threearms 82, 84, 86 arranged in a Y-configuration about a central portion88. The second pole region 16 is defined at the central portion 88 ofthe second panel 80. Unlike the first panel 70, the second panel 80 alsoincludes an opening at the pole region 16 with an air valve 22positioned in the opening (see FIG. 4). The air valve 22 is coupled tothe interior bladder 20 and allows the user to insert a needle throughthe valve 22 and into the interior of the bladder 20 in order to inflatethe ball 10 with air.

The first panel 70 and the second panel 80 are configured forinterlocking engagement on the ball 10. As shown in FIGS. 1-4 the arms72, 72, 76 of the first panel 70 mate with the arms 82, 84 and 86 on thesecond panel 80 such that the perimeter edges of the arms abut and arealigned with one another (e.g., arm 82 is positioned between arms 72 and74). Accordingly, as shown in FIG. 3, the convex perimeter edges 87 onarms 82, 84 and 86 at the distal end 89 of the second panel 80 arealigned with and abut the concave perimeter edges 73 at the centralportion 78 of the first panel 70. Likewise, as shown in FIG. 4, theconvex perimeter edges 77 on arms 72, 74 and 76 at the distal end 79 ofthe first panel 70 are aligned with and abut the concave perimeter edges83 at the central portion 88 of the second panel 80. In this manner, thefirst panel 70 and the second panel 80 are interlocked on the ball 10,and the first panel 70 and the second panel 80 extend across the entiresphere formed by the ball 10.

Each of the arms of the first panel 70 and the second panel 80 isperforated such that a plurality of recesses 90 are formed on the firstpanel 70 and the second panel 80. These recesses 90 are shown in FIG. 5as providing voids in the intermediate layer such that the outer layer50 extends through the voids and contacts the substrate layer 40.However, in alternative embodiment, the outer layer 50 may only extendpartially into the recesses 90 or may bridge the recesses 90 leavingvoids in the recesses 90. In such case, the outer layer 50 may beprovided by a film that is applied to the intermediate layer 60. Theouter layer 50 may be heat pressed on to the intermediate layer 60 andthereby affixed to the intermediate layer Each of the recesses 90 isformed between interconnected segments 92 on the intermediate layer 60.In the embodiments where the outer layer 50 extends into the recesses90, the voids in the intermediate layer 60 may be partially orcompletely filled with the material of the outer layer 50. However, inembodiments wherein the outer layer 50 bridges the recesses 90, voidsformed by the recesses 90 remain in the intermediate layer 60.

In the disclosed embodiment, the combination of recesses 90 andinterconnected segments 92 form an array of reentrant shapes thatprovides an auxetic structure. The auxetic structure facilitatescurvature of the panels 70 and 80, allowing the intermediate layer 60 towrap around the sphere of the ball 10 without buckling or creasing.

With reference now to FIG. 7, an enlarged view of the middle zone 75 ofthe first arm 72 of the first panel 70 is shown. As noted previously,the arm 72 includes a plurality of interconnected segments 92 that forman auxetic structure. The interconnected segments 92 are arranged in amanner such that the recesses 90 formed by the interconnected segments92 form a repeating pattern of reentrant shapes (i.e., concavepolygons). In the embodiment of FIG. 7, the repeating pattern ofreentrant shapes is an array of reentrant shapes which may be consideredto exist in rows and columns of the auxetic structure. Rows arerepresented in FIG. 7 by arrows 64 and columns are represented by arrows66. The interconnected segments 92 form the borders for the eachinterior recess 90, and the perimeter of each interior recess 90 definesa reentrant shape.

The reentrant shapes formed by the recesses 90 and interconnectedsegments 92 may be any of various shapes capable of providing an auxeticstructure. In the embodiment of FIG. 7, the reentrant shapes formed bythe recesses 90 are arrowhead shapes (which may also be referred toherein as “chevron” shapes). Each arrowhead shape includes a leadingvertex 94 and forms a first acute interior angle for the reentrantshape. Each arrowhead shape also includes a first trailing vertex 95 anda second trailing vertex 96 which form two additional acute interiorangles. In addition, each arrowhead shape includes an interior vertex 98defining a reflex angle which is greater than 180° and results in areentrant shape.

Together, each set of interconnected segments 92 that forms an interiorrecess 90 provides a cell unit 99. While each cell unit 99 has a uniqueinterior recess 90, cell units may share the same segment 92. In otherwords, each segment 92 may border more than one interior recess 90. Forexample, in FIG. 7, segment 92 a borders interior recess 90 a and 90 b.Accordingly, it will be recognized that a given segment 92 a may beconsidered to be a part of multiple cell units, with the segment 92 aforming a portion of two different reentrant shapes. The collection ofsegments 92 that surround an interior recess 90 in the auxetic structuremay also be referred to herein as “perimeter walls,” “cell walls,” or“interconnected members.” In the embodiment of FIG. 7, the array ofreentrant shapes provided by the cell units 99 of the auxetic structuremay be considered to exist in rows and columns on the auxetic structure.Two rows are represented by arrows 64 in FIG. 7, and two columns arerepresented by arrows 66 in FIG. 7.

In the embodiment disclosed herein, the recesses 90 and segments 92 aregenerally uniform in height across the panels 70 and 80 (i.e., thedistance between the substrate layer 40 and the outer layer 50 as shownin FIG. 5 is substantially the same across the entire panel 70 and theentire panel 80). Additionally, the segments 92 have a constantcross-sectional width w_(s) in a radial direction of the ball (i.e., ifa radial cross-section of a segment 92 is taken, such as that shown inFIG. 5, the width w_(s) of said segment will be the same along theentire radial cross-section). However, the size of the interior recesses90 varies significantly across the panels 70 and 80. In particular, thesize of each successive interior recess 90 gradually increases whenmoving from the central portion 78 of the panel 70 toward the distal end79 of the panel 70. At the same time, the width of the segments 92decrease in width when moving from the central portion 78 of the panel70 toward the distal end 79 of the panel 70. Therefore, a size gradientfor the recesses 90 exists between the proximal end 71 and the distalend 79 of the arm 72. The recesses 90 generally facilitate bending ofthe panel 70 with larger recesses 90 facilitating more curvature thansmaller recesses 90. The recesses 90 of larger size at the distal end 79of the arm 72 generally facilitate additional degrees of curvature ofthe panel 70 at the remote portions of the panel 70 than those smallerrecesses at more central portions of the panel. Stated differently, therecesses 90 at the central portion 78 of the panel 70 are smallerbecause the central portion 78 of the panel 70 is only required to bendto a limited degree from the flat position, while the recesses 90 at thedistal ends 79 of the panel 70 are larger because the distal ends 79 ofthe panel 70 are required to bend to a more significant degree from theflat position. In at least one embodiment, the greatest width across arecess varies between 2 mm and 7 mm at the central portion and between10 and 20 mm at the distal end 79. In at least one particularembodiment, the greatest width across a recess varies from 5 mm at thecentral portion 78 of the panel 70 to 15 mm at the distal end 79 of thepanel 70, with the greatest width growing by about 1 mm in eachsuccessive column.

The structure of the intermediate layer 60, including the recesses 90and the associated auxetic structure provides improved contouringproperties around a three-dimension object, such as the ball 10.Accordingly, the intermediate layer 60 provides for a ball havingmultiple panels and a more spherical shape than other balls comprised ofmultiple panels. While FIG. 7 shows one embodiment of recesses 90 and anassociated auxetic structure that may be used on the ball 10, it will berecognized that the shape of the recesses 90 and associated auxeticstructure take a number of different forms. For example, in lieu of theauxetic structure of FIG. 7 wherein the reentrant shapes are provided inthe form of arrowhead shapes, the reentrant shapes may be hourglass orbow-tie shapes (which may also be referred to as “auxetic hexagons”).Examples of additional reentrant shapes that may be used to form auxeticstructures are disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/137,038,filed Dec. 20, 2013 and published as US Publication No. 20140101816, theentire contents of which are disclosed herein by reference.Alternatively, in at least one embodiment, the shape of the recesses 90are not reentrant shapes at all, but are instead convex polygons, suchas regular polygons or other shapes.

The term “auxetic structure” as used herein generally refers to astructure provided in a configuration that, depending on anappropriately flexible material being used, will have a near zero ornegative Poisson's ratio. In other words, when stretched, auxeticstructures tend to become thicker (as opposed to thinner) or expand in adirection perpendicular to the applied force, or at least do notcontract to a significant extent in a direction perpendicular to theapplied force. This generally occurs due to inherent hinge-likecomponents between the interconnected segments which flex whenstretched. In contrast, materials with a positive Poisson's ratio thatis not near zero contract to a significant extent in a directionperpendicular to the applied outward force (i.e., perpendicular to thedirection of stretch). As used herein, an auxetic structure havingexhibiting a “near zero” Poisson's ratio is a structure exhibiting aPoisson's ratio of approximately zero and, in particular, less than+0.15.

The term “auxetic structure” as used herein is not limited to structuresthat actually exhibit a near zero or negative Poisson's ratio inoperation. The reason for this is that an entire auxetic structure, orportions thereof, may be practically locked in place and substantiallyprohibited from expansion or contraction in either direction. Forexample, a structure comprised of glass may still be considered an“auxetic structure” if it is provided with the appropriate array ofreentrant shapes, although forces attempting to stretch the structurewill typically result in the structure breaking rather than expanding.Also, components or materials adjacent to, within, or surrounding theauxetic structure may prevent the auxetic structure from exhibiting anear zero or negative Poisson's ratio when stretched.

In the embodiments disclosed herein, auxetic structures are formed froma plurality of interconnected segments 92 forming an array of cell units99, and each cell unit has a “reentrant shape”. The term “reentrantshape” may also be used herein to refer to a “concave”, or “non-convex”polygon or shape, which provides shape having an interior angle with ameasure that is greater than 180°. The angle at vertex 98 in FIG. 7 isan angle in a reentrant shape having a measurement of greater than 180°.The auxetic structure in FIG. 7 is one example of such an auxeticstructure defining a reentrant shape. It will be appreciated thatnumerous other auxetic structures defining reentrant shapes arepossible, as noted previously.

The intermediate layer 60 may be formed by any of various materialssuitable for the desired purposes. In at least one embodiment, theintermediate layer is provided by an open cell or a closed cell foammaterial such as a neoprene foam, polyethylene foam, or any of variousother types of foams. In other embodiments, the intermediate layer 60may be comprised of other types of material, such as ethylene-vinylacetate (EVA), a thermoplastic such as nylon, or a thermoplasticelastomer such as polyurethane, or any of various other polymermaterials exhibiting sufficient flexibility and elastomeric qualitiesrequired by the intermediate layer 60.

In addition to being formed of any of various materials, theintermediate layer 60 may be formed using any of various methods. By wayof example, the intermediate layer 60 may be formed by die-cutting asheet of material, such as a neoprene foam, the die cutting forming boththe shape of the panels 70 and 80, as well as forming the recesses 90 inthe panels 70 and 80. FIG. 8 shows a sheet of material 68 that is usedto form the panel 70 of the intermediate layer 60. As shown in FIG. 8,the arms 72, 74 and 76 of the panel 70 can all be seen along with theassociated recesses 90 and segments 92 prior to the panel 70 beingdie-cut from the sheet of material 68. Alternatively, in lieu ofdie-cutting, the intermediate layer 60 may be formed via a moldingprocess such as compression molding or injection molding. By way offurther example, the intermediate layer 60 may be formed via an additivemanufacturing process such as selective laser sintering (SLS) to form athree dimensional structure. As yet another example, the intermediatelayer 60 may be formed using a three-dimensional printing process.

After the intermediate layer 60 is formed, the intermediate layer 60 isconnected to the substrate layer 40. The intermediate layer 60 may beconnected to the substrate layer 40 using any of various connectionmethods, including fusing, heat transfer, adhesives, or any of variousother connection methods as will be recognized by those of ordinaryskill in the art.

With reference again to FIG. 5, the outer layer 50 completely covers theintermediate layer 60 on the ball 10. The outer layer 50 may be providedby a protective membrane or film covering the intermediate layer 60.Accordingly, the outer layer may be formed of an elastomeric polymersuch as thermoplastic polyurethane or a thermosetting polymer such aspolyurethane. The outer layer 50 possesses a thickness that is less thanthe thickness of each of the substrate layer 40 and intermediate layer60. By way of example, the outer layer 50 may possess a thickness thatis no more than half the thickness of each of the substrate layer 40 andthe intermediate layer 60. In at least one embodiment, the outer layer50 may possess a thickness of approximately 0.50 mm to approximately 1.0mm (e.g., approximately 0.70 mm).

In the disclosed embodiment, the outer layer 50 is provided by atransparent elastomer material, such as a transparent thermoplasticpolyurethane (TPU). The transparent elastomer material provides a coverlayer that physically protects the intermediate layer 60 but visuallyexposes the interlocking panels 70 and 80 of the intermediate layer 60,including the shape and color of the interlocking panels 70 and 80 andthe recesses 90. The term “transparent” as used herein includesmaterials that are semitransparent or translucent, but remainsufficiently transparent to allow sufficient light to pass such that ahuman may view the shapes and configurations of the recesses 90 in theintermediate layer 60. This transparent outer layer 50 in combinationwith the perforated intermediate layer 60 provides a unique look for theball 10 with the interlocking panels 70 and 80 of the intermediate layerexposed under the outer layer 50 along with the associated recesses 90and segments 92.

While FIG. 5 shows the outer layer 50 as completely filling the recesses90, it will be recognized that in other embodiments the outer layer 50may only partially fill the recesses 90 or may extend completely acrossthe recesses 90 without entering the recesses to a significant extent.The extent to which the outer layer 50 fills the recesses 90 may depend,in part on the material used to form the outer layer 50 and the methodused to apply the outer layer 50 to the intermediate layer 60.

The outer surface 52 of the outer layer 50 may be textured to providethe ball 10 with a desired tactile feel and aerodynamic qualities. WhileTPU is disclosed herein as providing the outer layer 50 in at least oneembodiment, it will be recognized that in other embodiments any ofvarious other materials may be used for the outer layer 50, includingany of various natural or synthetic materials. The material selected forthe outer layer 50 will depend, in part, on a number of differentdesired performance characteristics for the ball 10.

In at least one embodiment, the outer layer 50 is not applied to theintermediate layer 60 until after the intermediate layer is applied tothe substrate layer 40. In this embodiment, the outer layer 50 may besprayed or otherwise applied to the intermediate layer 60, resulting ina monolithic outer surface that is free of seams. Alternatively, theouter layer 50 may be formed by a film that is applied to theintermediate layer 60 and then heat pressed to secure the outer layer 50to the intermediate layer 60. The process of pressing the outer layer 50on to the intermediate layer may include the application of variousseams, dimples or other indentations on the surface of the ball 10. Inyet another embodiment, the outer layer 50 is applied to each panel 70,80 of the intermediate layer 60 prior to the intermediate layer 60 beingapplied to the substrate layer 40. In this embodiment, the outer layermay be applied to the intermediate layer using any of various means asdescribed above, but the outer layer includes seams associated with eachpanel, the seam extending along the perimeter of the panels 70 and 80.

FIGS. 9-11 illustrate a sports ball in accordance with anotherembodiment of the disclosure. Ball 10 includes a bladder 100 surroundedby a cover 105. The bladder 100 is hollow sphere charged with fluid(air). Similar to that described above, in an embodiment, the bladder isformed of a thermoplastic polymer film such as rubber. The bladder 100is free-floating, being separated from the cover. Once charged, thebladder 100 generates outward pressure on the cover to provide the ball10 with its round shape.

The cover 105 is a laminate structure including an inner backing orreinforcing layer 110, an intermediate contouring layer 115 surroundingthe backing layer 110, and an outer shell or protective layer 120surrounding the contouring layer 115. The outer surface of the backinglayer 110 is coupled (e.g., bonded or connected) to the inner surface ofthe contouring layer 115. Similarly, the outer surface of the contouringlayer 115 is coupled (e.g., bonded or connected) to the inner surface ofthe shell layer 120. With this configuration, the layers 110, 115, 120forming the laminate are generally coextensive with each other.

The backing layer 110 is a layer operable to protect the bladder. Thebacking layer 110 is formed of a compressible material such as foam. Byway of example, the foam may be ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) foam. TheEVA may be blended with one or more of an EVA modifier, a polyolefinblock copolymer, and a triblock copolymer, and a polyether block amide.In an embodiment, the foam layer is an ethylene vinyl acetate foampossessing a thickness of about 1 mm to about 3 mm (e.g., 2 mm). Asnoted above, the inner surface of the backing layer 110 is not connectedto the bladder, enabling movement of the bladder relative to the backinglayer.

The contouring layer 115 is operable to conform to the exterior surfaceof the bladder and/or influence the expansion pattern of the cover. Thecontouring layer 115 is formed of compressible material. By way ofexample, thee compressible material is foam such as ethylene vinylacetate (EVA) foam having a thickness of approximately 1.0 mm toapproximately 3.0 mm (e.g., approximately 2.0 mm). The EVA may beblended with one or more of an EVA modifier, a polyolefin blockcopolymer, and a triblock copolymer, and a polyether block amide.

The contouring layer 115 may possess a perforated structure similar tothat described above for the intermediate layer 60. In the illustratedembodiment, the contouring layer 115 is a discontinuous or perforatedlayer defining an array of apertures 125 organized in a series of rowsand columns. Each aperture 125 extends completely through the layer,forming a void that exposes the backing layer 110. The shape of theaperture 125 may be any suitable for its described purpose. For example,the apertures may possess a polygonal shape. As shown in the embodimentof FIGS. 9-11, in at least one embodiment the apertures are t-shaped (ormore specifically, plus sign shaped) apertures. Accordingly, as shown inFIG. 9, each of the apertures 125 includes a first elongated slot 130Athat intersects a second elongated slot 130B, the slots being orientedperpendicular to each other. The dimensions of each slot 130A, 130B maybe any suitable for its described purpose. In an embodiment, thethickness (transverse dimension) of each slot 130A, 130B isapproximately 1.0 mm, while its length (longitudinal dimension) isapproximately 7.0 mm.

In other embodiments, the array of apertures 125 are provided via anarray of auxetic shapes as described above. For example, the array ofapertures 125 may be configured to form auxetic structures that definearrowhead shapes, hourglass or bow-tie shapes, or any of various otherauxetic shapes.

In an embodiment, the apertures 125 define at least 5% of the surfacearea but no more than 50% of the surface area of the contouring layer115. By way of example, a predetermined number of apertures 125sufficient to expose 5% to 50% of the backing layer 110 (e.g., 10%-20%)may be utilized.

The array of apertures 125 are configured to lower the Poisson's ratioof the foam layer. That is, comparing the perforated foam layer to asolid (non-perforated) foam layer with a similar construction, theperforated foam layer will possess a lower Poisson's ratio. In apreferred embodiment, the Poisson's ratio is less than zero. Loweringthe Poisson's ratio of the contouring layer 115 improves the layer'sability to conform to a surface having a double curvature (e.g., a domeor sphere). Accordingly, providing the cover with the contouring layerimproves the ability of the cover (e.g., its panels) to wrap around thebladder without creasing, bunching, etc. Improving contouring, in turn,enables formation of a ball with a simplified cover structure, e.g., acover requiring less panels than conventional soccer balls, whichcurrently include 32 separate panels secured around the bladder.

Additionally, the array of apertures 125 lowers the overall weight ofthe foam layer. That is, comparing the perforated foam layer to a solidfoam layer with a similar construction, the perforated foam layer willpossess a lower weight.

The shell layer 120 is a protective membrane or film covering thecontouring layer 115. The shell layer 120 is formed of an elastomericpolymer such as thermoplastic polyurethane or a thermosetting polymersuch as polyurethane. The shell layer 120 possesses a thickness that isless than the thickness of each of the backing layer 110 and contouringlayer 115. By way of example, the shell layer 120 may possess athickness that is no more than half the thickness of each sublayer 110,115. Accordingly, the shell layer 120 may possess a thickness ofapproximately 0.50 mm to approximately 1.0 mm (e.g., approximately 0.70mm).

The shell layer 120 may further include one or more turbulatorstructures operable to affect the aerodynamic properties of the ball 10.The term aerodynamic property refers to the properties of airflow alongthe surface (e.g., within a boundary layer along the surface) of theshell layer 120 (e.g., create or alter laminar and/or turbulent flow)and associated drag (e.g., reduction of form drag, interference drag,and/or surface friction). The challenges with reducing drag to enhanceaerodynamic performance of an object moving within a fluid medium (e.g.,air) can be complicated and depend upon a number of variables including,without limitation, speed of the object as it flows through the fluidmedium, exterior profile of the object (including contour and degree ofsmoothness/roughness of the object surface), type of fluid medium, andorientation of the object as it travels through the fluid medium. Thefluid flow patterns around an object can be characterized in terms ofits Reynolds number, Re, where Re is a dimensionless value that is afunction of surface dimension(s) of the object (e.g., a surfacedimension of the object about which the fluid medium flows), thevelocity of the object within a fluid medium, and the density andviscosity of the fluid medium. The Reynolds number has the followingformula:Re=(ρvL)/μ

where:

ρ=density of fluid medium;

v=mean velocity of object relative to fluid medium;

L=traveled length of the fluid medium around object; and

μ=viscosity of fluid medium.

Fluid flowing within a boundary layer around an object (i.e., within theimmediate vicinity of the object surface) can be defined as laminar orturbulent based upon the Re value associated with the conditions of theobject moving within the fluid medium. In particular, laminar flowoccurs at low Re values, where viscous forces tend to dominate and thereis a smooth, constant fluid motion of the fluid medium within theboundary layer around the object. In contrast, turbulent flow occurs athigh Reynolds numbers where inertial forces tend to dominate and producechaotic eddies, vortices and other flow instabilities for the fluidmedium within the boundary layer.

When considering fluid flow around a rounded object (e.g., a sphere suchas a ball), laminar flow of the fluid medium within a boundary layeraround the object does not tend to follow the surface of the object butinstead tends to separate from the boundary layer so as to increase dragon the object moving through the fluid medium. In contrast, turbulentflow of the fluid medium within the boundary layer around the objecttends to follow the object surface contour thus reducing drag on theobject as it moves through the fluid medium. Generally, when relativevelocity between the object and fluid medium is very high, fluid flowaround the object tends to be turbulent while a relative velocity thatis very low tends to result in laminar fluid flow around the object. Byincreasing the overall surface roughness of certain shell layer 120,fluid flows that might otherwise be laminar will transition to turbulentwithin the boundary layer at the surfaces of such body portions whichresults in a further overall drag reduction (i.e., enhanced aerodynamicproperties imparted) for the object moving through the fluid medium.

Accordingly, forming turbulator structures into the surface of the shelllayer 120 reduces the drag on the ball as it travels through air.Turbulator structures may include one seams, indentations, concavities,dimples, irregularities, and/or recesses effective to impart an uneven,roughened or undulating surface topology to the shell layer. Forexample, the shell layer 120 includes elongated indentations 135, whichare formed by applying compression and heat to selected areas of theshell. For example, in the embodiment of FIGS. 9-11, the shell layer 120includes indentations 135 in the form of intersecting grooves thatprovide a number of t-shaped (or more specifically, plus sign shaped)channels on the outer shell 120. In at least some embodiments,application of compression and heat to the shell layer 120 also resultsin associated indentations being formed in the contouring layer 115.

In addition to the indentations 135, the exterior surface of the shelllayer 120 may define a dimple 145 (see FIG. 12, described in furtherdetail below), concavity or other recess associated with each locationwhere an aperture 125 is provided on the contouring layer 115. That is,the shell layer 120 may confirm closely to the surface of the contouringlayer 115, resulting in a cover topology with dimples 145 that arealigned with the apertures 125 of the contouring layer 115. The dimples145 on the shell layer 120 may be any of various shapes, including roundor polygonal shapes. In at least one embodiment, the shape of eachdimple matches each associated t-shaped aperture 125 on the contouringlayer 115. The dimples and indentations are further defined by a maximumdepth. For example, the depth of the dimples and indentations may rangefrom 0.5 mm to 2 mm in various exemplary embodiments. In someembodiments, the depth of the dimples 145 and indentations 135 may beless than the thickness of the shell layer 120, but in some embodiments,the depth of the dimples 145 and indentations may extend past the outersurface of the contouring layer 115. Together, the dimples 145 andassociated indentations 135 reduce drag and encourage lift during ballflight. Accordingly, the dimples 145 and indentations 135 serve toprovide a ball with improved flight properties and a consistent flightpattern.

In addition to the dimples and indentations 135, the shell layer 120 ofthe ball may also include a pattern of slight surface irregularities.These surface irregularities are generally provided in a repeatingpattern across the entire outer surface of the shell layer. The surfaceirregularities generally have a depth (or height) of less than 1 mm. Inaddition to affecting aerodynamic properties, the slight surfaceirregularities are configured to provide a tactile feel to the ball andaiding friction (for ball control).

The cover 105 may be formed as a series of panels coupled together via,e.g., stitching, adhesive, etc. Referring to FIG. 11, the cover 105includes a first panel 200A and a second panel 200B oriented along thepoles of the ball 10. The first panel 200A and the second panel 200Bdefine a generally t-shaped (or more specifically, plus sign shaped)configuration. In addition, the cover 105 includes a series of panelsconfigured to span the equator of the ball 10. Specifically, the cover105 includes a first panel 205A, a second panel 205B, a third panel205C, and a fourth panel 205D. The panels 205A-205D have an irregulardodecagon configuration (i.e., a 12-sided irregular polygon). Thet-shaped indentations 135 of the outer shell 120 are centrally locatedon each of the panels 200A, 200B, 205A, 205B, 205C, 205D. Panels 200A,200B, 205A, 205B, 205C, 205D are connected to each other via seams 207.The seams may be joined using conventional approaches (stitching,adhesive, etc.).

The panels 200A, 200B are configured to interlock with panels 205A,205B, 205C, 205D. Specifically, the first panel 200A includes teeth210A, 210B, 210C, 210D that intermesh with notches 215A, 215B, 215C,215D formed by adjacent equator panels 205A-205D. Similarly, the secondpanel 200B includes teeth 220A, 220B, 220C, 220D that intermesh withnotches 225A, 225B, 225C, 225D formed by adjacent equator panels205A-205D. This is in contrast with conventional soccer balls whichapply a series of individual hexagonal pieces along the surface.Accordingly, in addition to improved contouring, the sports balldescribed above minimizes the numbers of seams required to form thecover 105.

FIG. 12 shows a cross-sectional view of the panel 200B of FIG. 11arranged on the bladder 100 of the ball in a flat configuration. Asdescribed previously, the panel 200B includes a backing layer 110, aperforated contouring layer 115, and an outer layer 120. FIG. 12illustrates how a dimple 145 is associated with each of the apertures125 in the contouring layer 115. In particular, each dimple 145 ispositioned radially outward from each aperture 125, the radial directiondefined by the sphere of the ball 10, and therefore, each dimple 145 isaligned with an associated aperture 125. Depending on the depth of thedimples 145, the outer layer 120 may extend into the apertures 125associated with the dimples 145. As noted previously, the dimples may beany of various shapes and sizes, and in at least some embodiments, thedimples 145 are complimentary in shape to the apertures 125 (e.g., plussign shaped).

Because each dimple 145 is associated with one of the apertures 125, itwill be recognized that a human person feeling the dimples 145 on theouter surface of the outer layer 120 of the ball with his or her senseof touch will be able to tactilely detect the existence of the apertures125 in the contouring layer 115. Additionally, as noted previously, theouter layer 120 is comprised of a transparent material. Accordingly, ahuman person viewing the outer layer 120 of the ball 10 with his or hersense of sight will also be able to visually detect the existence of theapertures 125 in the contouring layer 115. Accordingly, it will berecognized that in various embodiments the apertures 125 in thecontouring layer 115 may be detected by a human using one or more sensesof the human.

While the panels of FIG. 11 disclose an embodiment wherein all of thepanels of the ball include a perforated contouring layer 115, it will berecognized that in at least some embodiments some of the panels do notinclude a perforated contouring layer. For example, FIG. 12 shows analternative embodiment wherein the contouring layer of the panel 200A isnot perforated, but other panels 205A, 205B, 205C, and 205D areperforated. This provides a unique configuration wherein a trademark,logo, name, text, or some design element may be presented on the panel200A, while the perforations 125 are all visible on panels 205A, 205B,205C, and 205D through the transparent outer shell.

While the ball 10 has been described herein as a soccer ball in thedisclosed embodiment, it will be appreciated that the ball 10 may alsobe provided as another type of ball. For example, the ball 10 may be abasketball, football, volleyball, softball, golf ball, or any of variousother types of balls, including any type of ball having a multi-layercover.

The foregoing detailed description of one or more exemplary embodimentsof the sports ball having a flexible cover layer has been presentedherein by way of example only and not limitation. It will be recognizedthat there are advantages to certain individual features and functionsdescribed herein that may be obtained without incorporating otherfeatures and functions described herein. Moreover, it will be recognizedthat various alternatives, modifications, variations, or improvements ofthe above-disclosed exemplary embodiments and other features andfunctions, or alternatives thereof, may be desirably combined into manyother different embodiments, systems or applications. Presentlyunforeseen or unanticipated alternatives, modifications, variations, orimprovements therein may be subsequently made by those skilled in theart which are also intended to be encompassed by the appended claims.Therefore, the spirit and scope of any appended claims should not belimited to the description of the exemplary embodiments containedherein.

I claim:
 1. A ball comprising: a bladder; and a contouring layersurrounding the bladder, the contouring layer including at least oneperforated panel forming a near-auxetic structure, the near-auxeticstructure defining a repeating pattern of reentrant shapes, and the atleast one perforated panel extending from a first pole region toward anopposite pole region of the ball, wherein said reentrant shapesgradually increase in size from the first pole region to the oppositepole region.
 2. The ball of claim 1 wherein at least one perforatedpanel is a foam panel.
 3. The ball of claim 1 wherein the at least oneperforated panels includes a first t-shaped panel at a first pole of theball and a second t-shaped panel at a second pole of the ball.
 4. Theball of claim 3 the contouring layer further including a plurality ofequator panels spanning an equator of the ball, each of the equatorpanels covering a portion of the equator and extending from the firstt-shaped panel to the second t-shaped panel.
 5. The ball of claim 1wherein at least one perforated panel includes a first Y-shaped paneland a second Y-shaped panel, the first Y-shaped panel in interlockingengagement with the second Y-shaped panel.
 6. The ball of claim 1further comprising a transparent outer layer such that the reentrantshapes are visually exposed through the outer layer.
 7. The ball ofclaim 1 wherein perforations of the perforated panel are formed withinthe reentrant shapes.
 8. A ball comprising: a bladder; and a contouringlayer surrounding the bladder, the contouring layer including at leastone panel defining a plurality of segments and a plurality of apertures,wherein the plurality of segments and the plurality of apertures areconfigured to lower a Poisson's ratio of the contouring layer, andwherein each of said apertures extends through the at least one paneland the segments of the contouring layer have a constant cross-sectionalwidth in a radial direction of the ball.
 9. The ball of claim 8 whereinthe at least one panel is a perforated sheet defining a repeatingpattern of reentrant shapes with each of the apertures formed within oneof the reentrant shapes.
 10. The ball of claim 8 further comprising anouter layer covering the contouring layer, the outer layer including aplurality of dimples, each of the plurality of dimples aligned with oneof the plurality of apertures.
 11. The ball of claim 10 wherein theouter layer is comprised of a transparent material such that each of theplurality of apertures is visible through the outer layer.
 12. The ballof claim 8 wherein the contouring layer is a near-auxetic structure. 13.The ball of claim 8 wherein the at least one panel includes a firstt-shaped panel at a first pole of the ball, a second t-shaped panel at asecond pole of the ball, and a plurality of equator panels spanning anequator of the ball, each of the equator panels covering a portion ofthe equator and extending from the first t-shaped panel to the secondt-shaped panel.
 14. A ball comprising: a bladder; a contouring layersurrounding the bladder, the contouring layer including a perforatedsheet defining a plurality of apertures that extend through theperforated sheet from one side of the sheet to an opposing side of thesheet, each of the plurality of apertures defined within segments of thecontouring layer, the segments having a constant cross-sectional widthin a radial direction of the ball, the contouring layer having anear-auxetic structure; and an outer layer surrounding the contouringlayer, wherein a position of each of the plurality of apertures istactilely detectable via the outer layer.
 15. The ball of claim 14wherein the segments define a repeating pattern of reentrant shapes witheach of the apertures formed within one of the reentrant shapes.
 16. Theball of claim 14 wherein the outer layer includes a plurality ofdimples, each of the plurality of dimples aligned with one of theplurality of apertures.
 17. The ball of claim 14 wherein the outer layeris comprised of a transparent material such that the plurality ofapertures is visible through the outer layer.
 18. The ball of claim 14wherein the contouring layer includes a first t-shaped panel at a firstpole of the ball, a second t-shaped panel at a second pole of the ball,and a plurality of equator panels spanning an equator of the ball, eachof the equator panels covering a portion of the equator and extendingfrom the first t-shaped panel to the second t-shaped panel.